morphologi

1. Desperation level of linguistic and their interrelatedness

Linguistic have four level desperation, they are :

1.          Phonology or phonemics, is a level of linguistic that dealing with sound system or pronounciation of a segment and their features.

2.          Morphology, is a level of linguistic that dealing with word structure, how to make a word and how to change their classes.

3.          Syntactic, is a level of linguistic that dealing with sentence structure.

4.          Semantic, is a level of linguistic that dealing with meaning of a sentence.

The level were assumed to be ordered in a hierarchy, with phonology or phonemic at the first level and semantic at the last level. The task of analyst producing a description of a language wan seen as one of working out in separate stages. First pronounciation second word structure, third the sentence structure and finally the meaning of utterances.

In order to learn linguistic completely, first should learn phonetics as the base how we can pronounce a word or a sound. Next after we can pronounce a sound and familiar with their features we learn about morphology which dealing with word structure. After that we will dealing with syntactic level. We must learn morphology before that because a sentence is form by combination of words. Finally after we learn how to combine words become sentence, we learn about semantic which deal with the meaning.

2. Function of affixes and their interrelatedness with inflection and derivation.

Affixes have some function such as :

1.      To make noun or as noun marker.

Some affixes that have function as noun marker are :

Suffixes :

-ant            : claimant, defend-ant

-ion            : protect-ion, assert-ion

-er              : teach-er, work-er

-ing            : the shoot-ing, the danc-ing.

-ment         : treat-ment, amaze-ment.

-ity             : stupid-ity, prior-ity.

Ness          : happi-ness sad-ness

Prefixes

Anti-          : anti-abortion, anti-pollution.

Ex-                        : ex-president, ex-wife.

2.      To make verb or as verb marker.

Some affixes that have function as verb marker are :

Suffixes

-ize                        : hospital-ize, crystal-ize.

-ate                        : active-ate, captive-ate.

-en             : dead-en, black-en.

Prefixes

De-                        : de-activate, de-mystivy.

Dis-           : dis-continue, dis-obey.

Mis-           : mis-identify, mis-place.

Re-            : re-think, re-state.

Un-            : un-tie, un-lock

3.      To make adjective or as adjective marker.

Some affixes that have function as adjective marker are :

Suffixes :

-able          : fix-able, do-able

-ing            : the sleeping giant.

-ive            ; assert-ive, impress-ive.

-full           : faith-full, hope-full

-(i)al           : president-ial, nation-al

-ic              : cub-ic, optimist-ic

-less           : point-less, brain-less

-ous           : poison-ous, lecher-ous.

Prefixes :

In-                         : in-competent, in-complete.

Un-            : un-happy, un-fair.

4.      to show plurality.

-es              : boxes, fishes.

-s               : books, pens.

Affixes also needed in order to form derivation and inflection, because these two needs to attach affixes in the base words. For example in derivation to change the word class of a word we must attach an affix in the base word.

Example :

v-a : fix- fixable, assert-assertive.

v-n : claim – claimant, treat – treatment.

n-a : president – presidential, optimist – optimistic

n-v : hospital – hospitalize,

a-v : modern – modernize, dead – deaden

a-n : stupid – stupidity, prior – priority.

So do in inflection to make different grammatical meaning we must attach affix in the base word :

Example :

singular – plural : box – boxes

                              Book – books.

3. Blend in Indonesian and their rule.

Here are some blends that usually use in Indonesia and I will test it by using syllable test and word class test.

1.      pus kes mas = pu sat  ke se ha tan  mas ya ra kat 

ibu saya bekerja di puskesmas desa

this blend is good and have function as adverb, or noun.

2.      pos yan du = pos   pe la ya nan   ter pa du

adik di bawa ke posyandu.

This is a good blend and have function as adverb and noun.

3.      hanura = ha ti  nu ra ni   rak yat

dia nyoblos hanura.

This blend is good and have function as a noun

4.      gerindra =  ge ra kan in do ne si a  ra ya

bapak memilih gerindra.

This is a good blend and have function as noun.

5.      dikpora = pen di dik an  pe mu da   o lah ra ga

kakak pergi ke dikpora untuk tes.

This is not a good blend it should be dikpera, it have function as a noun and adverb.

6.      persija = per sa tu an se pak bo la   ja kart a

persija mengalahkan deltras sidoarjo.

This not a good blend it should be perseja, it have function as noun.

7.      sembako = sem bi lan  ba han po kok

ibu membeli sembako.

This is a good blend and have function as a noun.

8.      waserda = wa rung ser ba a da

kakak membeli rokok di waserda.

This is a good blend and have function as a noun and adverb.

9.      siskamling = sis tem ke a man an ling ku ngan

bapak ikut siskamling

this is not good blend it should be siskeling. It have function as noun.

10.  mendiknas = men tri pen di dik an na si o nal

bapaknya adalah mendiknas.

This is a good blend and have function as a noun.

4. Reduplication and the rule.

There are some kind of reduplication, they are :

1.      full or whole reduplication

in full reduplication we have to reduplicate the whole word, in Indonesia we use in to express plurality. For example :

orang  “a person”  orang-orang “many people”

adik  “ a young brother”  adik-adik “young brothers”

nenek “grand mother’ nenek-nenek “grand mothers”

2.      Partial reduplication

There are three kinds of partial reduplication, they are :

a.       Initial reduplication.

In initial reduplication we just reduplicate the first syllable of the word. For example in agta ;

ɸuɾab 'afternoon' ɸuɸuɾab 'late afternoon'

ŋaŋaj 'a long time' ŋaŋaŋaj 'a long time (in years)'

b.      Final reduplication

In final reduplication we just reduplicate the last syllable of the word, for example in Dakota :

hãska 'tall (singular)' hãskaska 'tall (plural)'

waʃte 'good (singular)'  waʃteʃte 'good (plural)'

c.       Internal reduplication.

In internal reduplication we just need to reduplicate the syllable in the middle of the word, for example in samoan :

Savali 'they walk' savavali 'he walks'

Alofa 'they love' alolofa 'he loves'

the oldman and the sea ekstrinsik aspect

the old man and the sea analysis

by Husna

Preface

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21^st 1899 in Oak Park Illinois and was educated there in public schools. He did not continue his study to collage because he decided to wok for the Kansas city star news papper where he start to write. In his life he had many job experiences and finally he find his true identity in writing. He begin his serious writing carier in Paris after recuperating in Italy. Hemingway’s first book was published in 1926, the tittle is The Sun Also Rises. One of his famous short novel is The Old man and The Sea. Hemingway’s short novel The Old Man and the sea won the Pulitzer prize in 1953, and cotributed to his winning the nobel prize for literature 1954. By the 1960’s, however Hemingway was in poor healt, depressed, and losing his memory, and he commited suicide in Ketchum, Idaho on July 2, 1961. Before he died the last book was published in 1952. The Old Man and the Sea become book-of-the-month selection, and made Hemingway an international celebrity.

In a literatiure there are two component : there are intrinsic and extrinsic. In this papper we will discuss about the extrinsic component, the extrinsic component that we will disvuss are : Life Aspect, Social Aspect, Religious Aspoect, and Linguistic Make Up.

Life Aspect

In this story Hemingway try to emphasize how human struggle in their life, with their limited. It is shown by Santiago’s struggle to get the giant Marlyn. Although the other fisher man seen to belief that Santiago him self is a walking symbol of permanent difeat, as he does not catch a fish for eighty for days, but he still go on to the sea, to proof that their assumption is wrong.                                                                                          

From Santiago’s struggle Heminngway try to show to get big result need big effort , also need equal sacriface and hard work. It is shown from Santiago’s struggle to get the giant Marlyn. He need four days to catch up that Marlyn to his boat. To get that fish he also need  a sacriface, until he got scar on his hand and the other hand got cramp.

Hemingway also want to hold that get something is easier than to maintain it. We can see this from Santiago effort to defend that giant Marlyn after he get it he must defend his fish from Shark that wan to grab it. Altough at the end he could not save the whole of the giant Marlyn, and just bring the bone back home. Despite of the Marlyn is not whole, the villagers still apreciate to him because he can get the giant Marlyn. Through this part Hemimngway try to reassert that their is no in vain effort.      

Social Aspect

Beside the value that we describe above, Hemingway also tried to describe the social aspect throght this story. That in this life we can not life alone, we still need other people help. However powerful we are still can not fight. The nature alone it shown Santiago’s regret that he not bring Marlyn in his poyage. When hi have a problem to catch the giant Marlyn he said “ i need the boy so many time”.  He also know that if he have the boy he will not got taht problem, it this proof from Santiago’s statement “if i have the boy it will not be this hard”. Until he arrived at the Town, he know that the villagers worried about him an try to find him. Even they involve the coast guard.

The other social point of this story is he do not forget to requite the kindness of Pedrico who always give him food, by give the Marlyn head to him.

Religious Aspect

The story also provide religious aspect. Hemingway try to told that human always rely on God. In their life human need to depend on God. In this story it is shown when Santiago pray to his God. When he struggle in his effort to get the giant Marlyn, he pray so many time to his God.

In his lonelyness, when he can not depend on other people, he try to rely on God. Hemingway use this part to emphasize that human always remember God anytime. Santiago's actions and descriptions of his physical appearance show further use of Christian symbolism. Their codes are not based on competition but on love and respect for one another. It is shown by Santiogo respect to Manolin, when he ask to follow him to go fishing. Santiogo told him to follow other ship which is more lucky then him. Manolin also respect to Santiago, he think that Santiago is a man with alot experience and skillfull.            

Linguistic Make Up                                            

One of the extrinsic aspect of this story is the literaly style and language style

It is also important to look at the language that Hemingway uses in order to fully understand the author’s intention of this book. The author uses language to produce a realistic picture of the human beings that appear in the story. When the old man sits in his boat, he talks in monologues. They make the reader experience his long path through life as he often digresses to the time when he was young; the monologues also show that he is not only very lonely, but that he also tries to overcome his permanent loneliness. He longs for contact; that is the reason why he talks to the sea, the moon and the stars.
Santiago speaks in short, uncomplicated and very simple sentences; this is due to his job as a fisherman. He dos not have to make long speeches in front of many people as he spends most of his time fishing in the ocean all by himself.
This way of talking, namely the preference of talking in short sentences could be described as "staccato-style" compared to long, complicated sentences used by many other authors that could be named "legato-style".
The old man often repeats sentences ("If the boy were here, if the boy were here…") which seems to be quite typical of him. Language here is a very important indication of the social class and the background Santiago comes from.                  

Conclusion

The short novel The Old Man and the Sea have an extrinsic component such as Life Aspect, Social Aspect, Religious Aspect, and Linguistic Make Up.

Life aspect in this story is every result need effort and sacrifice. Social aspect talk about the relationship between people in this story it shown by relationship between Santiago, Maniolin, and Villager. Religious aspect in this story talk about connection between human and God. Liguistic make Up that used by Hemingway is staccato-style.